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Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (22 November 142814 April 1471), known as Warwick the Kingmaker, was an English nobleman, administrator, and military commander. The son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, Warwick was the wealthiest and most powerful English peer of his age, with political connections that went beyond the country's borders. One of the leaders in the Wars of the Roses, originally on the Yorkist side but later switching to the Lancastrian side, he was instrumental in the deposition of two kings, a fact which later earned him his epithet of "Kingmaker" to later generations. Through fortunes of marriage and inheritance, Warwick emerged in the 1450s at the centre of English politics. Originally a supporter of King Henry VI, a territorial dispute with the Duke of Somerset led him to collaborate with Richard, Duke of York, in opposing the king. From this conflict he gained the strategically valuable post of Captain of Calais, a position that benefited him greatly in the years to come. The political conflict later turned into full-scale rebellion, where in battle York was slain, as was Warwick's father Salisbury. York's son, however, later triumphed with Warwick's assistance, and was crowned King Edward IV. Edward initially ruled with Warwick's support, but the two later fell out over foreign policy and the king's choice of Elizabeth Woodville as his wife. After a failed plot to crown Edward's brother, George, Duke of Clarence, Warwick instead restored Henry VI to the throne. The triumph was short-lived however: on 14 April 1471 Warwick was defeated by Edward at the Battle of Barnet, and killed. Warwick had no sons. The elder of his two daughters, Isabel, married George, Duke of Clarence. His younger daughter Anne had a short-lived marriage to King Henry's son Edward of Westminster, who died in battle at the age of 17. She then married King Edward's younger brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who later became King Richard III. Warwick's historical legacy has been a matter of much dispute. Historical opinion has alternated between seeing him as self-centred and rash, and regarding him as a victim of the whims of an ungrateful king. It is generally agreed, however, that in his own time he enjoyed great popularity in all layers of society, and that he was skilled at appealing to popular sentiments for political support.〔Pollard (2007), pp. 199–200.〕 ==Becoming Warwick== The Nevilles, an ancient Durham family, came to prominence in England's fourteenth-century wars against the Scots. In 1397 King Richard II made Ralph Neville Earl of Westmorland.〔Pollard (2007), p. 13.〕 Ralph's son Richard, the later Earl of Warwick's father, was a younger son by a second marriage, and not heir to the earldom.〔This second marriage was to Joan Beaufort, daughter of John of Gaunt; Pollard (2007), pp. 13–4.〕 He received a favourable settlement, however, and became ''jure uxoris'' Earl of Salisbury through his marriage to Alice, daughter and heiress of Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury.〔He was created Earl of Salisbury 7 May 1429; Hicks (1998), p. 7.〕〔Warwick was ''jure uxoris'' ("by right of his wife") 16th Earl of Warwick from 1449 and in his own right was 6th Earl of Salisbury and 5th Baron Montagu from 1463〕 Salisbury's son Richard, the later Earl of Warwick, was born on 22 November 1428; little is known of his childhood.〔Pollard (2007), p. 11.〕 At the age of six, Richard was betrothed to Anne Beauchamp, daughter of Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, and of his wife Isabel Despenser. This made him heir not only to the earldom of Salisbury, but also to a substantial part of the Montague, Beauchamp, and Despenser inheritance.〔Pollard (2004).〕 Circumstances would, however, increase his fortune even further. Beauchamp's son Henry, who had married Richard's sister Cecily, died in 1446. When Henry's daughter Anne died in 1449, Richard also found himself ''jure uxoris'' Earl of Warwick.〔Alice was also joint heir to the Abergavenny lordship; Hicks (1998), p. 38.〕 Richard's succession to the estates did not go undisputed, however. A protracted battle over parts of the inheritance ensued, particularly with Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, who had married a daughter from Richard Beauchamp's first marriage.〔 The dispute centred on land, not on the Warwick title, as Henry's half-sisters were excluded from the succession.〔Hicks (1998), p. 39.〕 By 1445 Richard had become a knight, probably at Margaret of Anjou's coronation on 22 April that year.〔Hicks (1998), p. 29.〕 He is visible in the historical record of service of King Henry VI in 1449, which makes mention of his services in a grant.〔 He performed military service in the north with his father, and might have taken part in the war against Scotland in 1448–1449.〔Pollard (2007), p. 12.〕 When Richard, Duke of York, unsuccessfully rose up against the king in 1452, both Warwick and his father rallied to the side of King Henry VI.〔Keen (2003), p. 350.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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